Adverb
Adverb একটি part of speech যা একটি verb, adjective অথবা অন্য একটি adverb কে বর্ণনা করে। এটি কখন? /কোথায়? / কিভাবে? / কি উপায়ে? / এবং কি পরিমাণে? এই প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দেয়।
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective or another adverb. Adverbs mainly modify manner, place, time, frequency, etc. It answers questions like when?/where?/how?/ in what way?/ and to what extent?
Example:
- The girl speaks fluently in English.
এখানে “fluently” বর্ণনা করছে “the girl” কিভাবে English এ কথা বলছে । তাই এটি একটি adverb.
- The tea is very hot.
এখানে “very “ বর্ণনা করছে চা কতটা গরম । তাই এটি একটি adverb.
- The boy is running so fast.
এখানে “so” বর্ণনা করছে ছেলেটি কত দ্রুত দৌড়াচ্ছে এবং “fast” বর্ণনা করছে ছেলেটি কিভাবে দৌড়াচ্ছে । উভয়েই adverb, “so” modify করছে আরেকটি adverb “fast” কে এবং “fast” modify করছে একটি verb “run” কে ।
Classification/ Types of Adverbs:
Adverbs can be classified in different ways. These are discussed below.
Adverb কে বিভিন্নভাবে বিভক্ত করা যায় । এগুলো নিচে বর্ণনা করা হলো ।
- Adverb of time
- Adverb of place
- Adverb of manner
- Adverb of frequency
- Affirmative or Negative Adverb
Adverb of time:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কখন/কোন সময়ে ঘটেছে তা বর্ণনা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of time বলে । এটা sentence এর শুরুতে অথবা শেষে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
An adverb which tells us when something is done is called Adverb of time. It can be used at the beginning or the end of a sentence.
Adverbs of time: Yesterday, today, afterward, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, etc are common.
Examples:
- I will go to the varsity today.
- Always speak the truth.
- I should go there immediately.
Adverb of place:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কোথায় ঘটেছে তা উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of place বলে । এটা verb এর পরে, direct object হিসাবে অথবা sentence এর শুরুতে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
An adverb which tells us where something is done or happened is called Adverb of place. It can be used after the verb as a direct object or at the beginning of a sentence.
Adverbs of place: Here, above, below, under, upstairs, there, over there, etc.
Examples:
- I will go upstairs to see her.
- I like to have my lunch here.
- They are sitting under the tree.
Adverb of manner:
যে adverb কোনোকিছু কিভাবে হয়/হচ্ছে/হবে তা ব্যখ্যা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of manner বলে।
An adverb which tells us how something is done is called Adverb of manner.
Most of these adverbs have “ly” at its end such as, quickly, slowly, happily, badly, etc. Fast, hard, well, etc. are also adverbs of manner.
Examples:
- Inflation badly affected our economy.
- The man has to work hard to get a promotion.
- I tried to sing well in the program.
Adverb of degree:
যে adverb কোনোকিছু কি পরিমাণে/কতটুকু ঘটেছে তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of degree বলে ।
An adverb which tells us the level or the extent that something is done is called Adverb of degree.
Adverbs of degree: So, very, quite, really, too, almost, much, nearly, etc.
Examples:
- The work is almost done.
- The book is really interesting.
- I am very happy to hear this good news.
Adverb of frequency:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কতবার বা কত সময় পরপর হয় তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of frequency বলে ।
An adverb which tells us how often something is done is called Adverb of frequency.
Adverbs of frequency: Weekly, twice, sometimes, never, always, generally, usually, nearly, again, ever, hardly ever,etc.
Examples:
- I have never been to that place.
- Always wear a smile on your face.
- Sometimes I feel nostalgic while listening to an old song.
Affirmative or Negative Adverb:
এটা কোনকিছু সত্য কি মিথ্যা তা বলে অথবা কোনোকিছুর উপর গুরুত্ব আরোপ করে।
It tells whether a thing is true or false or it emphasizes a matter. Truly, Especially, never, etc. are examples of affirmative or negative adverbs.
Examples:
- Truly, I want her to be here.
- She especially mentioned her name.
- Never tell a lie.
Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or any other words or phrases in the sentence such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely etc.
Example: - The leopard runs quickly. ( Here quickly modifies the verb)
- He works extremely hard. (here extremely modifies the adverb)
- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)
- I absolutely have idea about the matter.
Function of adverb in a sentence:
Adverb adds information and impression about time, manner, place etc. in a sentence.
Form of Adverbs:
Many adverbs those express how an action is performed are end in ‘ly’. But many others like fast, well, never, least, more, far, now, very, just, still etc.
Kinds of Adverbs:
There are different kinds of adverb according to their functions in a sentence.
i. Adverbs of Time: Indicate the time of an action and answer the question ‘when’?
Such as now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately, tomorrow, once, someday, early etc.
Example: - I have already finished my job.
- I will do it now.
- The result will be published tomorrow.
ii. Adverbs of Manner: Express the manner of an action and answer the question ‘How’?
Such as happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly etc.
Example: - Rafat is speaking quietly.
- He is doing the job carefully.
- The boy is crying loudly.
iii. Adverbs of Place: Indicate the place of an action and answer the question ‘Where’?
Such as here, there, up, down, in, out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere etc.
Example: - Go out.
- I love to be here.
- People still live there.
iv. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity: Express quantity and answer the question ‘How much/ How far/ to what extent’?
Such as extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, rather etc.
Example: - He is quite wrong.
- She is fully cured.
- He is bad enough to kill you.
v. Adverbs of Affirmation and negation: Indicate assertion and express the one’s reaction to question.
Such as yes, no, yeah
Example: - Yes, I can.
- No, she isn’t.
vi. Adverbs of Frequency: Express the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”?
Such as never, ever, always, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once a week etc.
Example: - He always helps the poor.
- The barking dog seldom bites.
vii. Adverbs of reason: Express the reason and make the conclusion.
Such as hence, therefore, thence etc.
Example: - He therefore resigned the job.
Conjunctive Adverb:
Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together.
Such as also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus and therefore.
N.B: Conjunctive Adverb joins two independent clauses with a semi-colon.
Example: - The people waited for an hour; finally the train comes to the station.
- The police men searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.
Position of Adverb:
General positions of adverbs are as follows:
i. Adverbs of time usually come at the end of a sentence or at the beginning of sentence.
Example: - It may rain today.
- Last night I dreamt a sweet dream.
ii. Adverbs of place usually follow the verb.
Example: - The doctor is in.
- They were everywhere.
iii. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity come before the verb, adjective or adverb.
Example: - He is fairly good.
- You are quite wrong.
- He can run very fast
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